https://www.scientowiki.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Paul+Patton&feedformat=atomEncyclopedia of Scientonomy - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T14:13:42ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.34.1https://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Scientific_Change_(Barseghyan-2015)&diff=18732Scientific Change (Barseghyan-2015)2023-02-03T20:54:47Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Topic=Scientific Change<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Authors List=Hakob Barseghyan,<br />
|Formulated Year=2015<br />
|Formulation Text=Any change in the ''scientific mosaic'', i.e. a transition from one accepted ''theory'' to another or from one employed ''method'' to another.<br />
|Formulation File=Scientific Change Barseghyan 2015.png<br />
|Description=The [[Scientific Mosaic|scientific mosaic]] is in a process of perpetual change. Most of the theories that we accept nowadays didn’t even exist two or three hundred years ago. Similarly, at least some of the methods that we employ in theory assessment nowadays have nothing to do with the methods employed in the 17th century. Thus, it is safe to say that the process of scientific change involves both theories and methods.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan(2015)|p.9]] Changes in the scientific mosaic can be viewed as a series of successive frames, where each frame represents a state of that mosaic at a given point of time. Obviously, such a frame would include all accepted theories and all employed methods of the time. [[CiteRef::Barseghyan(2015)|p. 9]]<br />
|Resource=Barseghyan (2015)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Needs Editing<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}<br />
{{Acceptance Record<br />
|Community=Community:Scientonomy<br />
|Accepted From Era=CE<br />
|Accepted From Year=2016<br />
|Accepted From Month=January<br />
|Accepted From Day=1<br />
|Accepted From Approximate=No<br />
|Acceptance Indicators=The definition became ''de facto'' accepted by the community at that time together with the whole [[The Theory of Scientific Change|theory of scientific change]].<br />
|Still Accepted=Yes<br />
|Accepted Until Era=<br />
|Accepted Until Year=<br />
|Accepted Until Month=<br />
|Accepted Until Day=<br />
|Accepted Until Approximate=No<br />
|Rejection Indicators=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Scientific_Mosaic_(Barseghyan-2015)&diff=18730Scientific Mosaic (Barseghyan-2015)2023-02-03T20:37:36Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Topic=Scientific Mosaic<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Authors List=Hakob Barseghyan,<br />
|Formulated Year=2015<br />
|Formulation Text=A set of all accepted ''theories'' and employed ''methods''.<br />
|Formulation File=Scientific Mosaic Theory Method Class Diagram.png<br />
|Description=According to this definition, scientific mosaic encompasses all [[Theory Acceptance|accepted]] theories and [[Employed Method|employed]] methods.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|p. 5]] The definition assumes that theories and methods are the only two fundamental entities that undergo scientific change.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 5-7]] The reason the set of theories and methods is called a “mosaic” and not, say, “system” is that the elements of the mosaic may or may not be tightly adjusted; there may be considerable gaps between the elements of the mosaic. For instance, nowadays we realize that there is a considerable gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics and, yet, we do not hesitate to accept both. [[CiteRef::Barseghyan(2015)|p. 5]] <br />
<br />
While it is not included in the definition, it is understood that the bearer of a mosaic is a [[Scientific Community|scientific community]].[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|p. xi]]<br />
|Resource=Barseghyan (2015)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Needs Editing<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}<br />
{{Acceptance Record<br />
|Community=Community:Scientonomy<br />
|Accepted From Era=CE<br />
|Accepted From Year=2016<br />
|Accepted From Month=January<br />
|Accepted From Day=1<br />
|Accepted From Approximate=Yes<br />
|Acceptance Indicators=The definition became ''de facto'' accepted by the community at that time together with the whole [[The Theory of Scientific Change|theory of scientific change]].<br />
|Still Accepted=No<br />
|Accepted Until Era=CE<br />
|Accepted Until Year=2020<br />
|Accepted Until Month=May<br />
|Accepted Until Day=17<br />
|Accepted Until Approximate=No<br />
|Rejection Indicators=The definition became reject when it was [[Modification:Sciento-2018-0009|replaced]] by [[Scientific Mosaic (Barseghyan-2018)]].<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Scientific_Mosaic_(Barseghyan-2015)&diff=18716Scientific Mosaic (Barseghyan-2015)2023-02-03T20:14:01Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Topic=Scientific Mosaic<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Authors List=Hakob Barseghyan,<br />
|Formulated Year=2015<br />
|Formulation Text=A set of all accepted ''theories'' and employed ''methods''.<br />
|Formulation File=Scientific Mosaic Theory Method Class Diagram.png<br />
|Description=According to this definition, scientific mosaic encompasses all [[Theory Acceptance|accepted]] theories and [[Employed Method|employed]] methods.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|p. 5]] The definition assumes [[Epistemic Elements - Theories and Methods (Barseghyan-2015)|an ontology of epistemic elements]] where theories and methods are the only two fundamental entities that undergo scientific change.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 5-7]] <br />
<br />
While it is not included in the definition, it is understood that the bearer of a mosaic is a [[Scientific Community|scientific community]].[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|p. xi]]<br />
|Resource=Barseghyan (2015)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Needs Editing<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}<br />
{{Acceptance Record<br />
|Community=Community:Scientonomy<br />
|Accepted From Era=CE<br />
|Accepted From Year=2016<br />
|Accepted From Month=January<br />
|Accepted From Day=1<br />
|Accepted From Approximate=Yes<br />
|Acceptance Indicators=The definition became ''de facto'' accepted by the community at that time together with the whole [[The Theory of Scientific Change|theory of scientific change]].<br />
|Still Accepted=No<br />
|Accepted Until Era=CE<br />
|Accepted Until Year=2020<br />
|Accepted Until Month=May<br />
|Accepted Until Day=17<br />
|Accepted Until Approximate=No<br />
|Rejection Indicators=The definition became reject when it was [[Modification:Sciento-2018-0009|replaced]] by [[Scientific Mosaic (Barseghyan-2018)]].<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Theory_(Barseghyan-2015)&diff=18713Theory (Barseghyan-2015)2023-02-03T20:05:35Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Topic=Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Authors List=Hakob Barseghyan<br />
|Formulated Year=2015<br />
|Formulation Text=A set of propositions that attempt to describe something.<br />
|Formulation File=Theory (Barseghyan-2015).png<br />
|Description=At any moment of the history of science, there are certain ''theories'' that the scientific community of the time accepts as the best available descriptions of their respective domains. According to the original definition of the term suggested in [[Barseghyan (2015)|''The Laws of Scientific Change'']], the class of ''theory'' includes only those propositions which attempt to describe a certain object under study. A theory may refer to any set of propositions that attempt to describe something. Theories may be empirical (e.g. theories in natural or social science) or formal (e.g. logic, mathematics). Theories may be of different levels of complexity and elaboration, for they may consist of hundreds of systematically linked propositions, or of a few loosely connected propositions. They may or may not be axiomatized, formalized, or mathematized. It encompasses all proposition which attempt to tell us how things were, are or will be, i.e. substantive propositions of empirical and formal sciences. The definition excludes [[Normative Theory|normative propositions]], such as those of methodology, ethics, or aesthetics.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 3-5]] Examples of theories satisfying the definition include the theory that the Earth is round, Newton's laws of universal gravitation, The phlogiston theory of combustion, quantum mechanics, Einstein's theory of relativity, and the theory of evolution.<br />
|Resource=Barseghyan (2015)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Needs Editing<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}<br />
{{Acceptance Record<br />
|Community=Community:Scientonomy<br />
|Accepted From Era=CE<br />
|Accepted From Year=2016<br />
|Accepted From Month=January<br />
|Accepted From Day=1<br />
|Accepted From Approximate=No<br />
|Acceptance Indicators=The definition became ''de facto'' accepted by the community at that time together with the whole [[The Theory of Scientific Change|theory of scientific change]].<br />
|Still Accepted=No<br />
|Accepted Until Era=CE<br />
|Accepted Until Year=2017<br />
|Accepted Until Month=February<br />
|Accepted Until Day=15<br />
|Accepted Until Approximate=No<br />
|Rejection Indicators=The definition became rejected when [[Theory (Sebastien-2016)]] became [[Modification:Sciento-2017-0001|accepted]].<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Method_(Barseghyan-2015)&diff=18710Method (Barseghyan-2015)2023-02-03T19:59:08Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Topic=Method<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Authors List=Hakob Barseghyan<br />
|Formulated Year=2015<br />
|Formulation Text=A set of requirements for employment in theory assessment.<br />
|Formulation File=Method (Barseghyan-2015).png<br />
|Description=Any ''method'' is essentially a set of criteria which can become [[Employed Method|employed]] in theory evaluation. Different methods may have different Methods can be very general and apply to theories of a variety of types (e.g. ''the hypothetico-deductive method''), or very specific (e.g. ''the double-blind trial method'' of drug testing). [[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 4-5]]<br />
<br />
Methods of theory evaluation should be differentiated from ''research techniques'', which are used in theory construction and data gathering.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|p. 5]]<br />
|Resource=Barseghyan (2015)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
|Topic Type=Definitional<br />
}}<br />
{{Acceptance Record<br />
|Community=Community:Scientonomy<br />
|Accepted From Era=CE<br />
|Accepted From Year=2016<br />
|Accepted From Month=January<br />
|Accepted From Day=1<br />
|Accepted From Approximate=No<br />
|Acceptance Indicators=The definition became ''de facto'' accepted by the community at that time together with the whole [[The Theory of Scientific Change|theory of scientific change]].<br />
|Still Accepted=No<br />
|Accepted Until Era=CE<br />
|Accepted Until Year=2019<br />
|Accepted Until Month=September<br />
|Accepted Until Day=1<br />
|Accepted Until Approximate=No<br />
|Rejection Indicators=The definition became rejected as a result of the acceptance of the respective [[Modification:Sciento-2018-0005|suggested modification]].<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Method_(Barseghyan-2015)&diff=18709Method (Barseghyan-2015)2023-02-03T19:58:31Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Topic=Method<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Authors List=Hakob Barseghyan<br />
|Formulated Year=2015<br />
|Formulation Text=A set of requirements for employment in theory assessment.<br />
|Formulation File=Method (Barseghyan-2015).png<br />
|Description=Any ''method'' is essentially a set of criteria which can become [[Employed Method|employed]] in theory evaluation. Different methods may have different Methods can be very general and apply to theories of a variety of types (e.g. ''the hypothetico-deductive method''), or very specific (e.g. ''the double-blind trial method'' of drug testing). [[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 4-5]]<br />
<br />
Methods of theory evaluation should be differentiated from ''research techniques'', which are used in theory construction and data gathering.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 5]]<br />
|Resource=Barseghyan (2015)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
|Topic Type=Definitional<br />
}}<br />
{{Acceptance Record<br />
|Community=Community:Scientonomy<br />
|Accepted From Era=CE<br />
|Accepted From Year=2016<br />
|Accepted From Month=January<br />
|Accepted From Day=1<br />
|Accepted From Approximate=No<br />
|Acceptance Indicators=The definition became ''de facto'' accepted by the community at that time together with the whole [[The Theory of Scientific Change|theory of scientific change]].<br />
|Still Accepted=No<br />
|Accepted Until Era=CE<br />
|Accepted Until Year=2019<br />
|Accepted Until Month=September<br />
|Accepted Until Day=1<br />
|Accepted Until Approximate=No<br />
|Rejection Indicators=The definition became rejected as a result of the acceptance of the respective [[Modification:Sciento-2018-0005|suggested modification]].<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Theory_(Barseghyan-2015)_Reason1&diff=18695Theory (Barseghyan-2015) Reason12023-02-03T19:42:00Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Reason<br />
|Conclusion=Theory (Barseghyan-2015)<br />
|Title=theories are sets of propositions<br />
|Diagram File=<br />
|Authors List=Hakob Barseghyan<br />
|Formulated Year=2015<br />
|Description=It has often been argued that theories are best construed not as propositions but as models which are abstract set-theoretic entities. Importantly, on this model-theoretic or semantic view of theories, models do not contain propositions but are structures of non-linguistic elements.[[CiteRef::Suppe (1989)]]] Whether this is indeed the case is to be established not in this metatheory but in an actual TSC (in collaboration with HSC). What is important from our perspective is that, even on this model-theoretic view, knowledge of the world depends crucially on formulating descriptive propositions.[[CiteRef::Charkravartty (2007)]] For something to become accepted as true or truthlike it must be expressible in descriptive propositions at least in principle. Often propositions are not explicitly formulated but are accepted tacitly. However, what matters is that in principle they too can be expressed as propositions. If something is not expressible as a proposition, then it cannot have a truth value and cannot be accepted or unaccepted as the best description of anything. Take an example of the Aristotelian-medieval model of the cosmos. When the medieval scientific community accepted this model, the community essentially accepted a tightly connected set of propositions, such as “the Earth is in the centre of the universe”, “the Moon, the Sun and all other planets are embedded in concentric crystalline spheres which revolve around the central Earth”, “all celestial bodies are made of element aether”, “aether is indestructible”, “aether has a natural tendency to revolve around the centre of the universe”, “all terrestrial bodies are made of the four terrestrial elements”, etc. In short, while models may as well play an important role in scientific practice, no part of these models can be actually accepted or rejected if it is not expressible in descriptive propositions. Thus, from the perspective of our project, it is safe to treat theories as collections of propositions.<br />
|Resource=Barseghyan (2015)<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Theory_(Barseghyan-2015)&diff=18694Theory (Barseghyan-2015)2023-02-03T19:40:52Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Topic=Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Authors List=Hakob Barseghyan<br />
|Formulated Year=2015<br />
|Formulation Text=A set of propositions that attempt to describe something.<br />
|Formulation File=Theory (Barseghyan-2015).png<br />
|Description=At any moment of the history of science, there are certain ''theories'' that the scientific community of the time accepts as the best available descriptions of their respective domains. According to the original definition of the term suggested in [[Barseghyan (2015)|''The Laws of Scientific Change'']], the class of ''theory'' includes only those propositions which attempt to describe a certain object under study. [[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 3-5]] A theory may refer to any set of propositions that attempt to describe something. Theories may be empirical (e.g. theories in natural or social science) or formal (e.g. logic, mathematics). Theories may be of different levels of complexity and elaboration, for they may consist of hundreds of systematically linked propositions, or of a few loosely connected propositions. They may or may not be axiomatized, formalized, or mathematized. It encompasses all proposition which attempt to tell us how things were, are or will be, i.e. substantive propositions of empirical and formal sciences. The definition excludes [[Normative Theory|normative propositions]], such as those of methodology, ethics, or aesthetics. Examples of theories satisfying the definition include the theory that the Earth is round, Newton's laws of universal gravitation, The phlogiston theory of combustion, quantum mechanics, Einstein's theory of relativity, and the theory of evolution.<br />
|Resource=Barseghyan (2015)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Needs Editing<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}<br />
{{Acceptance Record<br />
|Community=Community:Scientonomy<br />
|Accepted From Era=CE<br />
|Accepted From Year=2016<br />
|Accepted From Month=January<br />
|Accepted From Day=1<br />
|Accepted From Approximate=No<br />
|Acceptance Indicators=The definition became ''de facto'' accepted by the community at that time together with the whole [[The Theory of Scientific Change|theory of scientific change]].<br />
|Still Accepted=No<br />
|Accepted Until Era=CE<br />
|Accepted Until Year=2017<br />
|Accepted Until Month=February<br />
|Accepted Until Day=15<br />
|Accepted Until Approximate=No<br />
|Rejection Indicators=The definition became rejected when [[Theory (Sebastien-2016)]] became [[Modification:Sciento-2017-0001|accepted]].<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Theory_(Barseghyan-2015)_Reason1&diff=18691Theory (Barseghyan-2015) Reason12023-02-03T19:38:21Z<p>Paul Patton: Created page with "{{Reason |Conclusion=Theory (Barseghyan-2015) |Title=theories are sets of propositions |Diagram File= |Authors List=Hakob Barseghyan |Formulated Year=2015 |Description=It has..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Reason<br />
|Conclusion=Theory (Barseghyan-2015)<br />
|Title=theories are sets of propositions<br />
|Diagram File=<br />
|Authors List=Hakob Barseghyan<br />
|Formulated Year=2015<br />
|Description=It has often been argued that theories are best construed not as propositions but as models which are abstract set-theoretic entities. Importantly, on this model-theoretic or semantic view of theories, models do not contain propositions but are structures of non-linguistic elements.[[CiteRef::Suppe [1989]]] Whether this is indeed the case is to be established not in this metatheory but in an actual TSC (in collaboration with HSC). What is important from our perspective is that, even on this model-theoretic view, knowledge of the world depends crucially on formulating descriptive propositions.[[CiteRef::Charkravartty [2007]]] For something to become accepted as true or truthlike it must be expressible in descriptive propositions at least in principle. Often propositions are not explicitly formulated but are accepted tacitly. However, what matters is that in principle they too can be expressed as propositions. If something is not expressible as a proposition, then it cannot have a truth value and cannot be accepted or unaccepted as the best description of anything. Take an example of the Aristotelian-medieval model of the cosmos. When the medieval scientific community accepted this model, the community essentially accepted a tightly connected set of propositions, such as “the Earth is in the centre of the universe”, “the Moon, the Sun and all other planets are embedded in concentric crystalline spheres which revolve around the central Earth”, “all celestial bodies are made of element aether”, “aether is indestructible”, “aether has a natural tendency to revolve around the centre of the universe”, “all terrestrial bodies are made of the four terrestrial elements”, etc. In short, while models may as well play an important role in scientific practice, no part of these models can be actually accepted or rejected if it is not expressible in descriptive propositions. Thus, from the perspective of our project, it is safe to treat theories as collections of propositions.<br />
|Resource=Barseghyan (2015)<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Theory_(Barseghyan-2015)&diff=18684Theory (Barseghyan-2015)2023-02-03T19:12:42Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Topic=Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Authors List=Hakob Barseghyan<br />
|Formulated Year=2015<br />
|Formulation Text=A set of propositions that attempt to describe something.<br />
|Formulation File=Theory (Barseghyan-2015).png<br />
|Description=At any moment of the history of science, there are certain ''theories'' that the scientific community of the time accepts as the best available descriptions of their respective domains. According to the original definition of the term suggested in [[Barseghyan (2015)|''The Laws of Scientific Change'']], the class of ''theory'' includes only those propositions which attempt to describe a certain object under study. [[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 3-5]] A theory may refer to any set of propositions that attempt to describe something. Theories may be empirical (e.g. theories in natural or social science) or formal (e.g. logic, mathematics). Theories may be of different levels of complexity and elaboration, for they may consist of hundreds of systematically linked propositions, or of a few loosely connected propositions. They may or may not be axiomatized, formalized, or mathematized. It encompasses all proposition which attempt to tell us how things were, are or will be, i.e. substantive propositions of empirical and formal sciences. The definition excludes [[Normative Theory|normative propositions]], such as those of methodology, ethics, or aesthetics. Examples of theories satisfying the definition include the theory that the Earth is round, Newton's laws of universal gravitation, The phlogiston theory of combustion, quantum mechanics, Einstein's theory of relativity, and the theory of evolution.<br />
|Resource=Barseghyan (2015)<br />
|Prehistory=It has often been argued that theories are best construed not as propositions but as models which are abstract set-theoretic entities. Importantly, on this model-theoretic or semantic view of theories, models do not contain propositions but are structures of non-linguistic elements.<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Needs Editing<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}<br />
{{Acceptance Record<br />
|Community=Community:Scientonomy<br />
|Accepted From Era=CE<br />
|Accepted From Year=2016<br />
|Accepted From Month=January<br />
|Accepted From Day=1<br />
|Accepted From Approximate=No<br />
|Acceptance Indicators=The definition became ''de facto'' accepted by the community at that time together with the whole [[The Theory of Scientific Change|theory of scientific change]].<br />
|Still Accepted=No<br />
|Accepted Until Era=CE<br />
|Accepted Until Year=2017<br />
|Accepted Until Month=February<br />
|Accepted Until Day=15<br />
|Accepted Until Approximate=No<br />
|Rejection Indicators=The definition became rejected when [[Theory (Sebastien-2016)]] became [[Modification:Sciento-2017-0001|accepted]].<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Theory_(Barseghyan-2015)&diff=18679Theory (Barseghyan-2015)2023-02-03T18:58:44Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Topic=Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Authors List=Hakob Barseghyan<br />
|Formulated Year=2015<br />
|Formulation Text=A set of propositions that attempt to describe something.<br />
|Formulation File=Theory (Barseghyan-2015).png<br />
|Description=At any moment of the history of science, there are certain ''theories'' that the scientific community of the time accepts as the best available descriptions of their respective domains. According to the original definition of the term suggested in [[Barseghyan (2015)|''The Laws of Scientific Change'']], the class of ''theory'' includes only those propositions which attempt to describe a certain object under study. [[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 3-5]] It encompasses all proposition which attempt to tell us how things were, are or will be, i.e. substantive propositions of empirical and formal sciences. The definition excludes [[Normative Theory|normative propositions]], such as those of methodology, ethics, or aesthetics.<br />
|Resource=Barseghyan (2015)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Needs Editing<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}<br />
{{Acceptance Record<br />
|Community=Community:Scientonomy<br />
|Accepted From Era=CE<br />
|Accepted From Year=2016<br />
|Accepted From Month=January<br />
|Accepted From Day=1<br />
|Accepted From Approximate=No<br />
|Acceptance Indicators=The definition became ''de facto'' accepted by the community at that time together with the whole [[The Theory of Scientific Change|theory of scientific change]].<br />
|Still Accepted=No<br />
|Accepted Until Era=CE<br />
|Accepted Until Year=2017<br />
|Accepted Until Month=February<br />
|Accepted Until Day=15<br />
|Accepted Until Approximate=No<br />
|Rejection Indicators=The definition became rejected when [[Theory (Sebastien-2016)]] became [[Modification:Sciento-2017-0001|accepted]].<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Ereshefsky_(2017)&diff=16243Ereshefsky (2017)2021-08-03T20:18:53Z<p>Paul Patton: Created page with "{{Bibliographic Record |Title=Species |Resource Type=collection article |Author=Marc Ereshefsky |Year=2017 |Cover Image= |Abstract=The nature of species is controversial in bi..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Bibliographic Record<br />
|Title=Species<br />
|Resource Type=collection article<br />
|Author=Marc Ereshefsky<br />
|Year=2017<br />
|Cover Image=<br />
|Abstract=The nature of species is controversial in biology and philosophy. Biologists disagree on the definition of the term ‘species,’ and philosophers disagree over the ontological status of species. Yet a proper understanding of species is important for a number of reasons. Species are the fundamental taxonomic units of biological classification. Environmental laws are framed in terms of species. Even our conception of human nature is affected by our understanding of species. In this entry, three issues concerning species are discussed. The first is the ontological status of species. The second is whether biologists should be species pluralists or species monists. The third is whether the theoretical term ‘species’ refers to a real category in nature.<br />
|Historical Context=<br />
|Synopsis=<br />
|Criticism=<br />
|URL=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/species/<br />
|DOI=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Publisher=<br />
|ISBN=<br />
|Collection=Zalta (Ed.) (2017)<br />
|Journal=<br />
|Volume=<br />
|Number=<br />
|Pages=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Marc_Ereshefsky&diff=16242Marc Ereshefsky2021-08-03T20:15:23Z<p>Paul Patton: Created page with "{{Author |First Name=Marc |Last Name=Ereshefsky |DOB Era= |DOB Year= |DOB Month= |DOB Day= |DOB Approximate=No |DOD Era= |DOD Year= |DOD Month= |DOD Day= |DOD Approximate=No |..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Author<br />
|First Name=Marc<br />
|Last Name=Ereshefsky<br />
|DOB Era=<br />
|DOB Year=<br />
|DOB Month=<br />
|DOB Day=<br />
|DOB Approximate=No<br />
|DOD Era=<br />
|DOD Year=<br />
|DOD Month=<br />
|DOD Day=<br />
|DOD Approximate=No<br />
|Brief=a professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Calgary, who specializes in the philosophy of science and of biology<br />
|Summary=<br />
|Historical Context=<br />
|Major Contributions=<br />
|Criticism=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Theories_Shaping_Core_Questions&diff=16241Theories Shaping Core Questions2021-08-03T20:10:43Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Topic<br />
|Question=How do theories within a discipline shape and change the core questions of the disciplines?<br />
|Topic Type=Descriptive<br />
|Description=The [[Core Question| core questions]] of a [[Discipline| discipline]] are those general questions that are essential to the discipline, having the power to define it and establish its boundaries within the mosaic. It appears that in some cases the theories associated with a discipline can reshape its core questions. For example, the modern species concept predated evolutionary biology and was necessary for framing the question of the origin of species--a core question of evolutionary biology. However, the modern species concept has been entirely reshaped by evolutionary theory [[CiteRef::Ereshefsky (2017)]]. The question of how theories within a discipline shape and change core questions of the discipline has been identified as an interesting topic for further research.<br />
|Parent Topic=Mechanism of Scientific Change<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Academic Events=Scientonomy Seminar 2019<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Current View=<br />
|Related Topics=Core Question, Mechanism of Discipline Acceptance, Mechanism of Question Acceptance, Mechanism of Theory Acceptance, Theory<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=TODO: Paul add a description<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Mechanism_of_Discipline_Rejection&diff=16240Mechanism of Discipline Rejection2021-08-03T19:51:19Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Topic<br />
|Question=What is the mechanism of discipline rejection? How do disciplines become rejected?<br />
|Topic Type=Descriptive<br />
|Description=The [[Discipline| discipline]] of astrology was an accepted part of early modern science, but is no longer a part of science today. Alchemy, phrenology, and natural theology are other examples of disciplines that are no longer a part of modern science. Scientonomy has formulated accounts of how [[Mechanism of Theory Rejection| theories]] and [[Mechanism of Question Rejection| questions]] become rejected. Can disciplines also be said to be rejected? If so, how are they rejected? What is the relationship, if any, between discipline rejection and the rejection of theories and questions? An answer to these questions is of great importance to theoretical scientonomy.<br />
|Parent Topic=Mechanism of Scientific Change<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Academic Events=Scientonomy Seminar 2019<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Current View=<br />
|Related Topics=Discipline, Discipline Acceptance, Mechanism of Discipline Acceptance, Mechanism of Question Rejection, Mechanism of Theory Rejection<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Mechanism_of_Discipline_Rejection&diff=16239Mechanism of Discipline Rejection2021-08-03T19:47:44Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Topic<br />
|Question=What is the mechanism of discipline rejection? How do disciplines become rejected?<br />
|Topic Type=Descriptive<br />
|Description=The [[Discipline| discipline]] of astrology was an accepted part of early modern science, but is no longer a part of science today. Alchemy, phrenology, and natural theology are other examples of disciplines that are no longer a part of modern science. Scientonomy has formulated accounts of how [[Mechanism of Theory Rejection| theories]] and [[Mechanism of Question Rejection| questions]] become rejected. Can disciplines also be said to be rejected? If so, how are they rejected? What is the relationship, if any, between discipline rejection and the rejection of theories and questions? An answer to these questions is of great importance to theoretical scientonomy.<br />
|Parent Topic=Mechanism of Scientific Change<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Academic Events=Scientonomy Seminar 2019<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Current View=<br />
|Related Topics=Discipline, Discipline Acceptance, Mechanism of Discipline Acceptance<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Mechanism_of_Discipline_Acceptance&diff=16238Mechanism of Discipline Acceptance2021-08-03T19:30:33Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Topic<br />
|Question=What is the mechanism of discipline acceptance? How do disciplines become accepted?<br />
|Topic Type=Descriptive<br />
|Description=Most [[Epistemic Agent|epistemic communities]] classify knowledge into categories. Some epistemic communities organize subcommunities devoted to expanding particular categories of knowledge. [[Discipline| Disciplines]] and disciplinary boundaries are ubiquitous features of modern science. Scientonomy has posited mechanisms of [[Mechanism of Theory Acceptance|theory]] and [[Mechanism of Question Acceptance| question acceptance]]. How do new disciplines arise? Can they be said to be accepted by an epistemic agent, much as theories and questions are? If disciplines can become accepted then how do they become accepted? What, if any, is the relationship between the mechanisms by which theories and questions are accepted, and those by which disciplines are? All of these are critically important questions in theoretical scientonomy.<br />
|Parent Topic=Mechanism of Scientific Change<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Academic Events=Scientonomy Seminar 2019<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Current View=<br />
|Related Topics=Discipline, Discipline Acceptance, Mechanism of Question Acceptance, Mechanism of Theory Acceptance, Question Acceptance, Theory Acceptance<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Mechanism_of_Discipline_Acceptance&diff=16237Mechanism of Discipline Acceptance2021-08-03T19:27:55Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Topic<br />
|Question=What is the mechanism of discipline acceptance? How do disciplines become accepted?<br />
|Topic Type=Descriptive<br />
|Description=Most [[Epistemic Agent|epistemic communities]] classify knowledge into categories. Some epistemic communities organize subcommunities devoted to expanding particular categories of knowledge. [[Discipline| Disciplines]] and disciplinary boundaries are ubiquitous features of modern science. Scientonomy has posited mechanisms of [[Mechanism of Theory Acceptance|theory]] and [[Mechanism of Question Acceptance| question acceptance]]. How do new disciplines arise? Can they be said to be accepted by an epistemic agent, much as theories and questions are? If disciplines can become accepted then how do they become accepted? What, if any, is the relationship between the mechanisms by which theories and questions are accepted, and those by which disciplines are? All of these are critically important questions in theoretical scientonomy.<br />
|Parent Topic=Mechanism of Scientific Change<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Academic Events=Scientonomy Seminar 2019<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Current View=<br />
|Related Topics=Discipline, Discipline Acceptance<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Mechanism_of_Discipline_Acceptance&diff=16236Mechanism of Discipline Acceptance2021-08-03T19:26:12Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Topic<br />
|Question=What is the mechanism of discipline acceptance? How do disciplines become accepted?<br />
|Topic Type=Descriptive<br />
|Description=Most [[Epistemic Agent|epistemic communities]] classify knowledge into categories. Some epistemic communities organize subcommunities devoted to expanding particular categories of knowledge. [[Discipline| Disciplines]] and disciplinary boundaries are ubiquitous features of modern science. Scientonomy has posited mechanisms of theory and question acceptance. How do new disciplines arise? Can they be said to be accepted by an epistemic agent, much as theories and questions are? If disciplines can become accepted then how do they become accepted? What, if any, is the relationship between the mechanisms by which theories and questions are accepted, and those by which disciplines are? All of these are critically important questions in theoretical scientonomy.<br />
|Parent Topic=Mechanism of Scientific Change<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Academic Events=Scientonomy Seminar 2019<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Current View=<br />
|Related Topics=Discipline, Discipline Acceptance<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Error&diff=16235Error2021-08-03T17:51:37Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Topic<br />
|Question=What is '''error'''? How should it be ''defined''?<br />
|Topic Type=Definitional<br />
|Description=Scientists, historians, and philosophers customarily speak of scientific errors. When doing so, they may be referring to error in an absolute sense as judged by the standards of our current knowledge. For example, the claim that the earth is stationary at the center of the universe is now regarded as an error. [[CiteRef::Allchin (2001)]] However, they may also be referring to some criterion of error related to the historical [[Epistemic Agent| agent]] at the time. It is therefore important to have a proper definition of the term, and the meaning intended.<br />
|Parent Topic=<br />
|Authors List=Paul Patton, Sarah Machado-Marques<br />
|Formulated Year=2019<br />
|Academic Events=Scientonomy Seminar 2019<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Current View=<br />
|Related Topics=Epistemic Agent, Mechanism of Theory Acceptance, Mechanism of Theory Rejection, Method<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=Paul, please add some description.<br />
}}<br />
{{Acceptance Record<br />
|Community=Community:Scientonomy<br />
|Accepted From Era=CE<br />
|Accepted From Year=2021<br />
|Accepted From Month=August<br />
|Accepted From Day=1<br />
|Accepted From Approximate=No<br />
|Acceptance Indicators=This is when Machado-Marques and Patton's [[Machado-Marques and Patton (2021)|''Scientific Error and Error Handling'']] that offered a definition of the term was published. This is a good indication that the question of how the term is to be defined is considered legitimate by the community.<br />
|Still Accepted=Yes<br />
|Accepted Until Era=<br />
|Accepted Until Year=<br />
|Accepted Until Month=<br />
|Accepted Until Day=<br />
|Accepted Until Approximate=No<br />
|Rejection Indicators=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Modification:Sciento-2021-0006&diff=16234Modification:Sciento-2021-00062021-08-03T17:47:39Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Modification<br />
|Community=Community:Scientonomy<br />
|Acronym=Sciento<br />
|Summary=Accept new definitions of ''subquestion'', ''core question'', ''core theory'', ''discipline'', ''delineating theory'', ''subdiscipline'', and ''discipline acceptance''.<br />
|Date Suggested Year=2021<br />
|Date Suggested Month=August<br />
|Date Suggested Day=1<br />
|Date Suggested Approximate=No<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Preamble=Most [[Epistemic Agent|epistemic communities]] classify knowledge into categories. Some epistemic communities organize subcommunities devoted to expanding particular categories of knowledge. Disciplines and disciplinary boundaries are a ubiquitous feature of modern science, and it is thus urgent that scientonomy articulate a means of dealing with them. The question of how disciplinary boundaries exist in the [[Scientific Mosaic| mosaics]] of an epistemic agent was [[Status of Disciplinary Boundaries| first raised as an open question at the Scientonomy Seminar in 2016 ]].<br />
<br />
Defining disciplines or categories of knowledge within scientonomy is crucial to our understanding of how epistemic elements relate to one another in the mosaic, how they relate to epistemic agents, and to our general understanding of the processes of scientific change. Our understanding of how the classification of knowledge into categories has changed through time holds the promise of revealing important new features of how epistemic and non-epistemic factors interact with one another in the production of knowledge. This proposed modification offers, for the first time, a scientonomic definition of discipline, considered as a category of knowledge within the mosaic. We define notions of discipline acceptance and rejection, and consider the relationship between disciplines and communal epistemic agents.<br />
|Modification=<br />
|To Accept=Core Question (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021), Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021), Delineating Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021), Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021), Discipline Acceptance (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021), Subdiscipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021), Subquestion (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)<br />
|To Accept Questions=Discipline, Mechanism of Discipline Acceptance, Mechanism of Discipline Rejection, Theories Shaping Core Questions<br />
|Automatic=No<br />
|Verdict=Open<br />
|Date Assessed Year=<br />
|Date Assessed Month=<br />
|Date Assessed Day=<br />
|Date Assessed Approximate=No<br />
|Verdict Rationale=<br />
|Superseded By=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Discipline_Acceptance_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16233Discipline Acceptance (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-03T17:18:51Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Discipline Acceptance<br />
|Formulation Text=A discipline is said to be accepted by an epistemic agent if that agent accepts the core questions specified in the discipline’s delineating theory as well as the delineating theory itself.<br />
|Formulation File=Discipline Acceptance (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=[[Epistemic Stances Towards Theories|Theories]] and [[Epistemic Stances Towards Questions| questions]] can both be the subject of the epistemic stances of [[Epistemic Agent|epistemic agents]]. [[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Patton (2019)]] [[Discipline| Disciplines]] like biology, physics, and astrology can also be the subject of such stances. For example, biology and physics are accepted by the scientific community of the modern world as disciplines, but astrology is rejected. In our definition, a discipline is said to be accepted by an epistemic agent if that agent accepts the [[Core Question| core questions]] specified in the discipline's [[Delineating Theory|delineating theory]], as well as the delineating theory itself.[[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]]<br />
<br />
This definition takes discipline acceptance to be derivative of [[Theory Acceptance|theory acceptance]] and [[Question Acceptance|question acceptance]]. It requires first, that an agent accepts the delineating theory that specifies that a particular set of core questions characterize a discipline. For example, the scientific community accepts that the question 'how do matter and energy behave? is a core question of modern physics. The community also accepts the question itself. Therefore, they can be said to accept physics as a discipline. The scientific community of the modern world also accepts that the question 'how do the positions of celestial objects at the time of one's birth influence one's character?' is a core question of astrology. However, they do not accept the question itself, because they reject its supposition that such an influence exists. Thus, the scientific community rejects the discipline of astrology.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Subdiscipline_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16232Subdiscipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-03T17:12:15Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Subdiscipline<br />
|Formulation Text=A discipline ''A'' is a subdiscipline of another discipline ''B'', ''iff'' the set of questions of ''A'', ''Q<sub>A</sub>'', is a proper subset of the questions of ''B'', ''Q<sub>B</sub>'', i.e. ''Q<sub>A</sub>'' ⸦ ''Q<sub>B</sub>''.<br />
|Formulation File=Subdiscipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=A more specialized [[Discipline| discipline]] ''A'' is a subdiscipline of another, more general discipline ''B'', if and only if the set of [[Question| questions]] ''Q<sub>A</sub>'' of ''A'' is a proper subset of the questions ''Q<sub>B</sub>''of ''B'' [[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]]. For example, cellular neurobiology, the discipline which deals with the cellular properties of nerve cells, is a subdiscipline of neuroscience, which deals with the properties and functions of nervous systems.<br />
<br />
The [[Scientific Mosaic|scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory|theories]] and [[Question|questions]].[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]] As a whole, a discipline ''A'' consists of a set of accepted questions ''Q<sub>A</sub>'' and the theories which provide answers to those questions, or which those questions presuppose.[[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] Questions form hierarchies, with more specific questions being [[Subquestion| subquestions]] of more general questions. Theories find a place in these heirarchies, since each theory is an attempt to answer a certain question, and each question presupposes certain theories. It is sometimes the case that the questions ''Q<sub>B</sub>''of a broader discipline ''B'' can include all of the questions, ''Q<sub>A</sub>'', of ''A'' as subquestions, with the questions of ''A'', formimg a proper subset of the questions of ''B''. In this situation, ''A'' is then said to be a subdiscipline of ''B''.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Subdiscipline_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16231Subdiscipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-03T17:11:38Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Subdiscipline<br />
|Formulation Text=A discipline ''A'' is a subdiscipline of another discipline ''B'', ''iff'' the set of questions of ''A'', ''Q<sub>A</sub>'', is a proper subset of the questions of ''B'', ''Q<sub>B</sub>'', i.e. ''Q<sub>A</sub>'' ⸦ ''Q<sub>B</sub>''.<br />
|Formulation File=Subdiscipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=A more specialized [[Discipline| discipline]] ''A'' is a subdiscipline of another, more general discipline ''B'', if and only if the set of [[Question| questions]] ''Q<sub>A</sub>'' of ''A'' is a proper subset of the questions ''Q<sub>B</sub>''of ''B'' [[Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]]. For example, cellular neurobiology, the discipline which deals with the cellular properties of nerve cells, is a subdiscipline of neuroscience, which deals with the properties and functions of nervous systems.<br />
<br />
The [[Scientific Mosaic|scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory|theories]] and [[Question|questions]].[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]] As a whole, a discipline ''A'' consists of a set of accepted questions ''Q<sub>A</sub>'' and the theories which provide answers to those questions, or which those questions presuppose.[[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] Questions form hierarchies, with more specific questions being [[Subquestion| subquestions]] of more general questions. Theories find a place in these heirarchies, since each theory is an attempt to answer a certain question, and each question presupposes certain theories. It is sometimes the case that the questions ''Q<sub>B</sub>''of a broader discipline ''B'' can include all of the questions, ''Q<sub>A</sub>'', of ''A'' as subquestions, with the questions of ''A'', formimg a proper subset of the questions of ''B''. In this situation, ''A'' is then said to be a subdiscipline of ''B''.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Discipline_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16230Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-03T16:54:39Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Discipline<br />
|Formulation Text=A discipline is characterized by (1) a non-empty set of core questions ''Q'' and (2) the delineating theory stating that ''Q'' are the core questions of the discipline.<br />
|Formulation File=Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=A discipline ''A'' is characterized by a non-empty set of [[Core Question| core questions]] ''Q<sub>CA</sub>'' and a [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]] stating that ''Q<sub>CA</sub>'' are the core questions of the discipline.[[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] <br />
<br />
The [[Scientific Mosaic|scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory|theories]] and [[Question|questions]].[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]] As a whole, a discipline ''A'' consists of a set of accepted questions ''Q<sub>A</sub>'', and the theories which provide answers to those questions, or which those questions presuppose. [[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] Questions form hierarchies, with more specific questions being [[Subquestion| subquestions]] of more general questions. Theories find a place in these hierarchies, since each theory is an attempt to answer a certain question, and each question presupposes certain theories. Because of such hierarchical relations, it is possible to characterize a discipline by identifying a set of [[Core Question| core questions]], ''Q<sub>CA</sub>''. These core questions are judged by some [[Epistemic Agent| agent]] to be related to one another, essential to a discipline, and definitive of its boundaries. The other questions of a discipline are subquestions of its core questions.<br />
<br />
A set, as such, can't be part of a scientific mosaic consisting of theories and questions. We, therefore, take a discipline to be defined by a [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]] that identifies the set of core questions ''Q<sub>CA</sub>'' characterizing that discipline.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Discipline_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16229Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-03T16:37:55Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Discipline<br />
|Formulation Text=A discipline is characterized by (1) a non-empty set of core questions ''Q'' and (2) the delineating theory stating that ''Q'' are the core questions of the discipline.<br />
|Formulation File=Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=A discipline is characterized by a non-empty set of [[Core Question| core questions]] ''Q'' and a [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]] stating that ''Q'' are the core questions of the discipline.[[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] <br />
<br />
The [[Scientific Mosaic|scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory|theories]] and [[Question|questions]].[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]] As a whole, a discipline consists of a set of accepted questions, and the theories which provide answers to those questions, or which those questions presuppose. [[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] Questions form hierarchies, with more specific questions being [[Subquestion| subquestions]] of more general questions. Theories find a place in these hierarchies, since each theory is an attempt to answer a certain question, and each question presupposes certain theories. Because of such hierarchical relations, it is possible to characterize a discipline by identifying a set of [[Core Question| core questions]]. These core questions are judged by some [[Epistemic Agent| agent]] to be related to one another, essential to a discipline, and definitive of its boundaries. The other questions of a discipline are subquestions of its core questions.<br />
<br />
A set, as such, can't be part of a scientific mosaic consisting of theories and questions. We, therefore, take a discipline to be defined by a [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]] that identifies the set of core questions ''Q'' characterizing that discipline.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Discipline_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16228Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-03T16:36:56Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Discipline<br />
|Formulation Text=A discipline is characterized by (1) a non-empty set of core questions ''Q'' and (2) the delineating theory stating that ''Q'' are the core questions of the discipline.<br />
|Formulation File=Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=A discipline is characterized by a non-empty set of [[Core Question| core questions]] ''Q'' and a [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]] stating that ''Q'' are the core questions of the discipline.[[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] <br />
<br />
The [[Scientific Mosaic|scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory|theories]] and [[Question|questions]].[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]] As a whole, a discipline consists of a set of accepted questions, and the theories which provide answers to those questions, or which those questions presuppose. [[Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] Questions form hierarchies, with more specific questions being [[Subquestion| subquestions]] of more general questions. Theories find a place in these hierarchies, since each theory is an attempt to answer a certain question, and each question presupposes certain theories. Because of such hierarchical relations, it is possible to characterize a discipline by identifying a set of [[Core Question| core questions]]. These core questions are judged by some [[Epistemic Agent| agent]] to be related to one another, essential to a discipline, and definitive of its boundaries. The other questions of a discipline are subquestions of its core questions.<br />
<br />
A set, as such, can't be part of a scientific mosaic consisting of theories and questions. We, therefore, take a discipline to be defined by a [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]] that identifies the set of core questions ''Q'' characterizing that discipline.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Subquestion_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16225Subquestion (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T23:25:37Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Subquestion<br />
|Formulation Text=A question ''Q'' is a subquestion of another question ''Q’'', iff any direct answer to ''Q'' is also a partial answer to ''Q’''.<br />
|Formulation File=Subquestion (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=A [[Question| question]] is a topic of inquiry. [[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]] Questions can constitute hierarchies where more specific questions are subquestions of broader questions. For example, 'Was Peter the Great an emperor of Russia?' is a subquestion of 'Who were the emperors of Russia?' since by answering the former, we are also providing a partial answer to the latter. The latter is, in turn, a subquestion of the broader question 'Who were the rulers of European countries?'. [[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] A partial answer to a question is a complete, or direct, answer to one of its subquestions.[[CiteRef::Beck and Sharvit (2002)]][[CiteRef::Sharvit and Beck (2001)]][[CiteRef::Eckardt (2007)]]<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Needs Editing<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Discipline_Acceptance_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16224Discipline Acceptance (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T23:22:00Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Discipline Acceptance<br />
|Formulation Text=A discipline is said to be accepted by an epistemic agent if that agent accepts the core questions specified in the discipline’s delineating theory as well as the delineating theory itself.<br />
|Formulation File=Discipline Acceptance (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=[[Epistemic Stances Towards Theories|Theories]] and [[Epistemic Stances Towards Questions| questions]] can both be the subject of the epistemic stances of [[Epistemic Agent|epistemic agents]]. [[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Patton (2019)]] [[Discipline| Disciplines]] like biology, physics, and astrology can also be the subject of such stances. For example, biology and physics are accepted by the scientific community of the modern world as disciplines, but astrology is rejected. In our definition, a discipline is said to be accepted by an epistemic agent if that agent accepts the [[Core Question| core questions]] specified in the discipline's [[Delineating Theory|delineating theory]], as well as the delineating theory itself.[[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]]<br />
<br />
This definition takes discipline acceptance to be derivative of [[Theory Acceptance|theory acceptance]] and [[Question Acceptance|question acceptance]]. It requires first, that an agent accepts the delineating theory that specifies that a particular set of core questions are definitive of a discipline. For example, the scientific community accepts that the question 'how do matter and energy behave? is a core question of modern physics. The community also accepts the question itself. Therefore, they can be said to accept physics as a discipline. The scientific community of the modern world also accepts that the question 'how do the positions of celestial objects at the time of one's birth influence one's character?' is a core question of astrology. However, they do not accept the question itself, because they reject its supposition that such an influence exists. Thus, the scientific community rejects the discipline of astrology.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Delineating_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16223Delineating Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T23:09:26Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Delineating Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A second-order theory identifying the set of core questions of a discipline.<br />
|Formulation File=Delineating Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=One can specify a [[Discipline|discipline]] in terms of a set of its [[Core Question| core questions]]. A delineating theory is a second-order [[Theory| theory]] identifying this set of core questions, and allowing it to exist as an [[Epistemic Elements| epistemic element]] within the [[Scientific Mosaic| mosaic]].[[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] For example, the delineating theory of modern physics might identify 'how do matter and energy behave?' as a core question of modern physics.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Discipline_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16222Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T23:05:49Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Discipline<br />
|Formulation Text=A discipline is characterized by (1) a non-empty set of core questions ''Q'' and (2) the delineating theory stating that ''Q'' are the core questions of the discipline.<br />
|Formulation File=Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=A discipline is characterized by a non-empty set of [[Core Question| core questions]] ''Q'' and a [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]] stating that ''Q'' are the core questions of the discipline.[[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] <br />
<br />
The [[Scientific Mosaic|scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory|theories]] and [[Question|questions]].[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]] A set of core questions serves to identify a discipline with a larger set of questions and theories within the mosaic. These core questions are judged by some [[Epistemic Agent| agent]] to be related to one another, essential to a discipline, and definitive of its boundaries. A discipline typically, of course, includes a much larger number of questions and theories. A set of core questions suffices to identify these because of the way in which questions and theories are related to one another. Questions form hierarchies, with more specific questions being [[Subquestion| subquestions]] to more general questions in these hierarchies. Theories also find a place in these hierarchies, since each theory is an attempt to answer a certain question, and each question presupposes certain theories. Because of such hierarchical relations, it is possible for a set of core questions to identify the entire set of questions and theories contained within a discipline.<br />
<br />
In order for some set of core questions ''Q'' to exist within the [[Scientific Mosaic| mosaic]], it must be understood as a theory. This theory is called a [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]].<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Discipline_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16221Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T23:04:05Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Discipline<br />
|Formulation Text=A discipline is characterized by (1) a non-empty set of core questions ''Q'' and (2) the delineating theory stating that ''Q'' are the core questions of the discipline.<br />
|Formulation File=Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=A discipline is characterized by a non-empty set of [[Core Question| core questions]] ''Q'' and a [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]] stating that ''Q'' are the core questions of the discipline.[[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] <br />
<br />
The [[Scientific Mosaic|scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory|theories]] and [[Questions|questions]].[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]] A set of core questions serves to identify a discipline with a larger set of questions and theories within the mosaic. These core questions are judged by some [[Epistemic Agent| agent]] to be related to one another, essential to a discipline, and definitive of its boundaries. A discipline typically, of course, includes a much larger number of [[Question| Questions]] and [[Theory| theories]]. A set of core questions suffices to identify these because of the way in which questions and theories are related to one another. Questions form hierarchies, with more specific questions being [[Subquestion| subquestions]] to more general questions in these hierarchies. Theories also find a place in these hierarchies, since each theory is an attempt to answer a certain question, and each question presupposes certain theories. Because of such hierarchical relations, it is possible for a set of core questions to identify the entire set of questions and theories contained within a discipline.<br />
<br />
In order for some set of core questions ''Q'' to exist within the [[Scientific Mosaic| mosaic]], it must be understood as a theory. This theory is called a [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]].<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16220Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T22:48:32Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A core theory of a discipline is a theory presupposed by the discipline’s core questions.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=A core theory of a [[Discipline| discipline]] is a [[Theory| theory]] presupposed by the discipline's [[Core Question| core questions]].[[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]].[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]] Questions constitute hierarchies where more specific questions are [[Subquestion| subquestions]] of broader questions. Within this hierarchy, certain general questions play a special role as core questions. These questions are essential to a discipline, and have the power to identify it and determine its boundaries. For example, a core question of evolutionary biology would be 'how did living species originate as a result of evolution?'. Questions always presuppose theories, which endow them with semantic content. Those presupposed by a discipline's core questions, are that discipline's core theories. For our example, the theory in question would be The neo-Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Question_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16219Core Question (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T22:46:43Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Question<br />
|Formulation Text=A core question of a discipline is a question identified in the discipline’s delineating theory as definitive of the discipline.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Question (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=The core questions of a [[Discipline| discipline]] are those general questions that are essential to a discipline, having the power to define it and establish its boundaries within a hierarchy of questions. They are identified as such in the discipline's [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]].[[CiteRef:: Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]].[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]] Questions form hierarchies in which more specific questions are [[Subquestion| subquestions]] of broader questions. Theories enter into this hierarchy as well since questions presuppose theories, and theories are answers to questions. It is the position of core questions within such hierarchies that confer upon them the power to define and establish the boundaries of a discipline by indicating which questions and theories are included. For example, the question 'how did living things originate as a result of evolution?' is a core question of evolutionary biology.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Question_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16218Core Question (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T22:45:39Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Question<br />
|Formulation Text=A core question of a discipline is a question identified in the discipline’s delineating theory as definitive of the discipline.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Question (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=The core questions of a [[Discipline| discipline]] are those general questions that are essential to a discipline, having the power to define it and establish its boundaries within a hierarchy of questions. They are identified as such in the discipline's [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]].[[CiteRef:: Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]] The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]].[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]] Questions form hierarchies in which more specific questions are [[Subquestion| subquestions]] of broader questions. Theories enter into this hierarchy as well since questions presuppose theories, and theories are answers to questions. It is the position of core questions within such hierarchies that confer upon them the power to define and establish the boundaries of a discipline by indicating which questions and theories are included. For example, the question 'how did living things originate as a result of evolution?' is a core question of evolutionary biology.<br />
<br />
<br />
Theories also enter into this hierarchy, since questions presuppose theories, and theories are answers to questions.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16217Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T22:32:10Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A core theory of a discipline is a theory presupposed by the discipline’s core questions.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=A core theory of a [[Discipline| discipline]] is a [[Theory| theory]] presupposed by the discipline's [[Core Question| core questions]][[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]]. The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]]. Questions constitute hierarchies where more specific questions are [[Subquestion| subquestions]] of broader questions. Within this hierarchy, certain general questions play a special role as core questions. These questions are essential to a discipline, and have the power to identify it and determine its boundaries. For example, a core question of evolutionary biology would be 'how did living species originate as a result of evolution?'. Questions always presuppose theories, which endow them with semantic content. Those presupposed by a discipline's core questions, are that discipline's core theories. For our example, the theory in question would be Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16216Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T22:19:58Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A core theory of a discipline is a theory presupposed by the discipline’s core questions.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=A core theory of a [[Discipline| discipline]] is a [[Theory| theory]] presupposed by the discipline's [[Core Question| core questions]][[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]]. The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]]. Questions constitute hierarchies where more specific questions are [[Subquestion| subquestions]] of broader questions. Within this hierarchy, certain general questions play a special role as core questions. These questions are essential to a discipline, and have the power to identify it and determine its boundaries. Questions always presuppose theories, which endow them with semantic content. Those presupposed by a discipline's core questions, are that discipline's core theories.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=TODO: Paul add a description<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16215Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T22:12:13Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A core theory of a discipline is a theory presupposed by the discipline’s core questions.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=A core theory of a [[Discipline| discipline]] is a [[Theory| theory]] presupposed by the discipline's [[Core Question| core questions]][[CiteRef::Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)]]. The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]].<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=TODO: Paul add a description<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16214Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T22:08:52Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A core theory of a discipline is a theory presupposed by the discipline’s core questions.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016)]]. A core theory of a [[Discipline| discipline]] is a [[Theory| theory]] presupposed by the discipline's [[Core Question| core questions]].<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=TODO: Paul add a description<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16213Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T22:08:21Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A core theory of a discipline is a theory presupposed by the discipline’s core questions.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018)]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018)]][[CiteRef::Sebastien(2016)]]. A core theory of a [[Discipline| discipline]] is a [[Theory| theory]] presupposed by the discipline's [[Core Question| core questions]].<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=TODO: Paul add a description<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16212Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T22:07:02Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A core theory of a discipline is a theory presupposed by the discipline’s core questions.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan(2018) p.33]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh(2018) p. 3]][[CiteRef::Sebastien(2016) p.6]]. A core theory of a [[Discipline| discipline]] is a [[Theory| theory]] presupposed by the discipline's [[Core Question| core questions]].<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=TODO: Paul add a description<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16211Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T22:06:33Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A core theory of a discipline is a theory presupposed by the discipline’s core questions.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan(2015)]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan(2018) p.33]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh(2018) p. 3]][[CiteRef::Sebastien(2016) p.6]]. A core theory of a [[Discipline| discipline]] is a [[Theory| theory]] presupposed by the discipline's [[Core Question| core questions]].<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=TODO: Paul add a description<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16210Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T22:06:01Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A core theory of a discipline is a theory presupposed by the discipline’s core questions.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan(2015) p. 5]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan(2018) p.33]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh(2018) p. 3]][[CiteRef::Sebastien(2016) p.6]]. A core theory of a [[Discipline| discipline]] is a [[Theory| theory]] presupposed by the discipline's [[Core Question| core questions]].<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=TODO: Paul add a description<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16209Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T22:04:30Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A core theory of a discipline is a theory presupposed by the discipline’s core questions.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015) p. 5]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018) p.33]][[CiteRef::Rawleigh (2018) p. 3]][[CiteRef::Sebastien (2016) p.6]]. A core theory of a [[Discipline| discipline]] is a [[Theory| theory]] presupposed by the discipline's [[Core Question| core questions]].<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=TODO: Paul add a description<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16208Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T22:03:20Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A core theory of a discipline is a theory presupposed by the discipline’s core questions.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Questions| questions]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015) p. 5]][[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2018) p.33]][[Rawleigh (2018) p. 3]][[Sebastien (2016) p.6]]. A core theory of a [[Discipline| discipline]] is a [[Theory| theory]] presupposed by the discipline's [[Core Question| core questions]].<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=TODO: Paul add a description<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Question_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16207Core Question (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T21:46:41Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Question<br />
|Formulation Text=A core question of a discipline is a question identified in the discipline’s delineating theory as definitive of the discipline.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Question (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]]. Questions form hierarchies in which more specific questions are [[Subquestion| subquestions]] of more general ones. Theories also enter into this hierarchy, since questions presuppose theories, and theories are answers to questions. The core questions of a [[Discipline| discipline]] are those general questions that are essential to a discipline, having the power to define it and establish its boundaries within a hierarchy of questions and theories. They are identified as such in the discipline's [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]].<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Core_Question_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16206Core Question (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T21:44:09Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Core Question<br />
|Formulation Text=A core question of a discipline is a question identified in the discipline’s delineating theory as definitive of the discipline.<br />
|Formulation File=Core Question (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]]. Questions form hierarchies in which more specific questions are [[Subquestion| subquestions]] of more general ones. Theories also enter into this hierarchy, since questions presuppose theories, and theories are answers to questions. The core questions of a discipline are those general questions that are essential to a discipline, having the power to define it and establish its boundaries within a hierarchy of questions and theories. They are identified as such in the discipline's [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]].<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Discipline_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16205Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T21:19:04Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Discipline<br />
|Formulation Text=A discipline is characterized by (1) a non-empty set of core questions ''Q'' and (2) the delineating theory stating that ''Q'' are the core questions of the discipline.<br />
|Formulation File=Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=A discipline is characterized by a non-empty set of core questions ''Q'' and a delineating theory stating that ''Q'' are the core questions of the discipline. <br />
<br />
A set of [[Core Question| core questions]] serves to identify a discipline as distinct from others. These core questions are judged by some [[Epistemic Agent| agent]] to be related to one another, essential to a discipline, and definitive of its boundaries. A discipline, of course, may include a much larger number of [[Question| Questions]] and [[Theory| theories]]. A set of core questions suffices to identify these because of the way in which questions and theories are related to one another. Each theory is an attempt to answer a certain question, and each question presupposes theories. Questions form hierarchies, with more specific questions being subordinate to more general questions in these hierarchies. A question is a [[Subquestion| subquestion]] of another question, if and only if an answer to this question would be a partial answer to the broader question. Because of such hierarchical relations, it is possible for a set of core questions to identify the entire set of questions and theories contained within a discipline.<br />
<br />
In order for some set of core questions ''Q'' to exist within the [[Scientific Mosaic| mosaic]], it must be understood as a theory. This theory is called a [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]].<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Delineating_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16204Delineating Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T20:18:35Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Delineating Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A second-order theory identifying the set of core questions of a discipline.<br />
|Formulation File=Delineating Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=One can specify a [[Discipline|discipline]] in terms of a set of its [[Core Question| core questions]]. A delineating theory is a second-order [[Theory| theory]] identifying this set of core questions, and allowing it to exist as an [[Epistemic Elements| epistemic element]] within the [[Scientific Mosaic| mosaic]]. For example, the delineating theory of modern physics might identify 'how do matter and energy behave?' as a core question of modern physics.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Pattonhttps://www.scientowiki.com/index.php?title=Delineating_Theory_(Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)&diff=16203Delineating Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)2021-08-02T20:16:37Z<p>Paul Patton: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Theory<br />
|Theory Type=Definition<br />
|Topic=Delineating Theory<br />
|Formulation Text=A second-order theory identifying the set of core questions of a discipline.<br />
|Formulation File=Delineating Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021).png<br />
|Authors List=Cyrus Al-Zayadi, Paul Patton<br />
|Formulated Year=2021<br />
|Description=One can specify a [[Discipline|discipline]] in terms of a set of its [[Core Question| core questions]]. A delineating theory is a second-order [[Theory| theory]] identifying this set of core questions, and allowing it to exist as an [[Epistemic Element| epistemic element]] within the [[Scientific Mosaic| mosaic]]. For example, the delineating theory of modern physics might identify 'how do matter and energy behave?' as a core question of modern physics.<br />
|Resource=Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)<br />
|Prehistory=<br />
|History=<br />
|Page Status=Stub<br />
|Editor Notes=<br />
}}</div>Paul Patton