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• Community (Overgaard-2017)  + (A [[Group|group]] that has a collective intentionality.)

• Static Procedural Methods theorem (Barseghyan-2015)  + (A [[Procedural Method|procedural method]] … A [[Procedural Method|procedural method]] is a method which doesn't presuppose any contingent propositions; it can only presuppose necessary truths such as those of mathematics or logic. Given the nature of necessary truths, it is impossible for one such truth to contradict another necessary truth since it must be true in all possible worlds. Therefore, it follows from the '''Method Rejection''' theorem that, since there can be no elements at odds with a necessary truth, any procedural method is, in principle, static.rocedural method is, in principle, static.)
• Subquestion (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)  + (A [[Question| question]] … A [[Question| question]] is a topic of inquiry. Rawleigh (2018) Questions can constitute hierarchies where more specific questions are subquestions of broader questions. For example, 'Was Peter the Great an emperor of Russia?' is a subquestion of 'Who were the emperors of Russia?' since by answering the former, we are also providing a partial answer to the latter. The latter is, in turn, a subquestion of the broader question 'Who were the rulers of European countries?'. Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021) A partial answer to a question is a complete, or direct, answer to one of its subquestions.Beck and Sharvit (2002)Sharvit and Beck (2001)Eckardt (2007)2002)Sharvit and Beck (2001)Eckardt (2007))
• Core Theory (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)  + (A core theory of a [[Discipline| discipline]] … A core theory of a [[Discipline| discipline]] is a [[Theory| theory]] presupposed by the discipline's [[Core Question| core questions]].Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021) The [[Scientific Mosaic| scientific mosaic]] consists of [[Theory| theories]] and [[Question| questions]].Barseghyan (2015)Barseghyan (2018)Rawleigh (2018)Sebastien (2016) Questions constitute hierarchies where more specific questions are [[Subquestion| subquestions]] of broader questions. Within this hierarchy, certain general questions play a special role as core questions. These questions are essential to a discipline, and have the power to identify it and determine its boundaries. For example, a core question of evolutionary biology would be 'how did living species originate as a result of evolution?'. Questions always presuppose theories, which endow them with semantic content. Those presupposed by a discipline's core questions, are that discipline's co…questions, are that discipline's co…)
• Discipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)  + (A discipline ''A'' is characterized by a n … A discipline ''A'' is characterized by a non-empty set of [[Core Question| core questions]] ''Q_CA'' and a [[Delineating Theory| delineating theory]] stating that ''Q_CA'' are the core questions of the discipline.Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021)e the core questions of the discipline.Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021))
• Employed Method (Barseghyan-2015)  + (A method is said to be ''employed'' at tim … A method is said to be ''employed'' at time ''t'' if, at time ''t,'' theories became accepted only when their acceptance is permitted by the method. p. 53 ''The second law'' of theory acceptance is a direct consequence of ''employed method'' as it is defined.e of ''employed method'' as it is defined.)
• Methodology Can Shape Method theorem (Barseghyan-2015)  + (A methodology can affect an employed metho … A methodology can affect an employed method when it implements one or more abstract requirements of another employed method. Thus, the role normative methodology plays in the process of scientific change is a creative role, in which methods are changed through the implementation of other abstract requirements from some other employed method.uirements from some other employed method.)
• Subdiscipline (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)  + (A more specialized [[Discipline| discipline]] … A more specialized [[Discipline| discipline]] ''A'' is a subdiscipline of another, more general discipline ''B'', if and only if the set of [[Question| questions]] ''Q_A'' of ''A'' is a proper subset of the questions ''Q_B''of ''B'' Patton and Al-Zayadi (2021). For example, cellular neurobiology, the discipline which deals with the cellular properties of nerve cells, is a subdiscipline of neuroscience, which deals with the properties and functions of nervous systems. which deals with the properties and functions of nervous systems.)
• Epistemic Tool (Patton-2019)  + (A physical object or system is an epistemi … A physical object or system is an epistemic tool for an [[Epistemic Agent|epistemic agent]] ''iff'' there is a procedure by which the tool can provide an acceptable source of knowledge for answering some [[Question|question]] under the employed [[Method|method]] of that agent. Examples of epistemic tools include rulers, thermometers, the Large Hadron Collider, the Hubble Space Telescope, a written text, a computer, a blackboard and chalk, a crystal ball, etc.blackboard and chalk, a crystal ball, etc.)
• Question Can Have Subquestions (Rawleigh-2018)  + (A question can be a subquestion of another question. A question ''Q'' is a subquestion of another question ''P'', if a direct answer to ''Q'' is also a partial answer to ''P''.)
• Question Is a Subtype of Epistemic Element (Rawleigh-2018)  + (A study of the process of scientific chang … A study of the process of scientific change reveals many cases when a question that was considered legitimate in a certain time-period became illegitimate in another period. For example, the questions such as “what is the weight of phlogiston?” or “why does some matter gain mass as it loses phlogiston?” were accepted as legitimate topics of inquiry for the most part of the 18th century. Yet, once the phlogiston theory was rejected, these questions became illegitimate. Another examples is the question “what is the distance from the earth to the sphere of stars?” that was once considered legitimate by astronomers, but is no longer accepted.p. 4stronomers, but is no longer accepted.p. 4)
• Theory Pursuit (Barseghyan-2015)  + (A theory is said to be pursued if it is co … A theory is said to be pursued if it is considered worthy of further development. pp. 30-42 An example is provided by mid-seventeenth century science. Throughout this period, the Aristotelian natural philosophy, with its geocentric cosmology, four elements, and four causes remained [[Theory Acceptance|accepted]] by the scientific community of Europe as evidenced, for example, by its central place in university curricula. The theories from this period that we are most familiar with from modern popular and professional literature, like Copernicus's heliocentric cosmology, and Galileo's theories of motion, were not accepted, but pursued theories. More generally these included the mechanical natural philosophy championed by a community which included [[Rene Descartes|Descartes]], Huygens, Boyle, and many others, and the magnetical natural philosophy, espoused by Gilbert, Kepler, Stevin, Wilkins and others. In our modern world, the major accepted physical t…orld, the major accepted physical t…)
• Theory Rejection theorem (Barseghyan-2015)  + (According to '''the theory rejection theorem''', a [[Theory|theory]] becomes '''rejected''' only when other theories that are incompatible with the theory become accepted.)
• Method Rejection theorem (Barseghyan-2015)  + (According to ''the method rejection theorem'', a [[Method|method]] ceases to be employed only when other methods that are incompatible with it become employed.)
• Epistemic Action Exists  + (According to Allen, epistemic actions are a key part of everyday epistemic practice.)
• Mosaic Merge (Barseghyan-2015)  + (According to Barseghyan (2015), for mosaic … According to Barseghyan (2015), for mosaics to merge, that is, to "turn into one united mosaic," there must first exist (at least) two distinct mosaics. This necessarily means that there are elements which are present in one mosaic but absent in the other. "To use the language of set theory," Barseghyan writes, "these are the elements that constitute the so-called ''symmetric difference'' of two mosaics [...] Therefore, in order for the two mosaics to merge into one, these elements should either be rejected in both or accepted in both, so that the differences between the two are resolved".p. 214ences between the two are resolved".p. 214)
• Logical Presupposition Exists  + (According to Barseghyan and Levesley, question can have logical presuppositions.)
• Epistemic Presupposition Exists  + (According to Barseghyan and Levesley, questions can have epistemic presuppositions.)
• Method Is a Subtype of Normative Theory (Barseghyan-2018)  + (According to Barseghyan's 2018 redrafted ontology, methods are a species of normative theories.Barseghyan (2018))
• The Second Law (Barseghyan-2015) is Tautological (Barseghyan-2015)  + (According to Barseghyan's initial position … According to Barseghyan's initial position, "the second law is not a law in the traditional sense, for normally a law is supposed to have some empirical content, i.e. its opposite should be conceivable at least in principle. Obviously, the second law is a ''tautology'', since it follows from the definition of ''employed method''".p. 129, footnoten of ''employed method''".p. 129, footnote)
• The Second Law (Barseghyan-2015)  + (According to Barseghyan's original formula … According to Barseghyan's original formulation of the second law, "theories become accepted only when they satisfy the requirements of the methods actually employed at the time. In other words there is only one way for a theory to become accepted – it must meet the implicit expectations of the scientific community".p. 129ations of the scientific community".p. 129)
• Epistemic Stances Towards Theories - Theory Acceptance (Barseghyan-2015)  + (According to Barseghyan, acceptance as an epistemic stance can be taken towards theories.pp. 30-32)
• Definition Is a Subtype of Theory (Barseghyan-2018)  + (According to Barseghyan, definitions are essentially a species of theories.)
• Definition Exists  + (According to Barseghyan, definitions are an integral part of the process of scientific change.Barseghyan (2018))
• Epistemic Agent Exists  + (According to Barseghyan, epistemic agents are an essential part of the process of scientific change, as they take stances towards epistemic elements.)
• Epistemic Community Is a Subtype of Epistemic Agent (Barseghyan-2018)  + (According to Barseghyan, epistemic community is an epistemic agent, i.e. it is capable of taking [[Epistemic Stance|epistemic stances]] towards [[Epistemic Element|epistemic elements]].Barseghyan (2018))
• Descriptive Theory Exists  + (According to Barseghyan, many theories attempt to describe something. Thus, there are descriptive theories.p. 5)
• Epistemic Stances Towards Theories - Theory Use (Barseghyan-2015)  + (According to Barseghyan, the epistemic stance of use can be taken towards theories, i.e. an epistemic agent can find a theory useful.pp. 30-40)
• Epistemic Stances Towards Theories - Theory Pursuit (Barseghyan-2015)  + (According to Barseghyan, the epistemic stance of pursuit can be taken towards theories, i.e. an epistemic agent can find a theory pursuitworthy.pp. 30-40)
• The Zeroth Law (Harder-2015) is Tautological (Fraser-Sarwar-2018)  + (According to Fraser and Sarwar, [[The Zeroth Law (Harder-2015)|Harder's formulation of the zeroth law]] "does not have any empirical content, because it follows directly from the notion of compatibility".p. 69)
• The Law of Compatibility (Fraser-Sarwar-2018) is Not Tautological (Fraser-Sarwar-2018)  + (According to Fraser and Sarwar, their formulation of the law of compatibility "is non-tautological, as it prohibits certain logical possibilities."p. 73)
• Theory Decay Exists  + (According to Oh, there is some historical evidence for theory decay.Oh (2021))
• Element Decay Exists  + (According to Oh, there is such a thing as element decay.Oh (2021))
• Theory Rejection theorem (Barseghyan-Pandey-2023)  + (According to Pandey's new formulation of ' … According to Pandey's new formulation of '''the theory rejection theorem''', a [[Theory|theory]] becomes '''rejected''' only when other [[Epistemic Element|epistemic elements]] that are incompatible with the theory become accepted. This formulation differs from Barseghyan's [[Theory Rejection theorem (Barseghyan-2015)|original formulation]] in that it allows a theory to be replaced by an epistemic element of ''any'' type, not just by other theories. In other respects, Pandey's formulation is similar to Barseghyan's.'s formulation is similar to Barseghyan's.)
• Individual Epistemic Agent Is a Subtype of Epistemic Agent (Patton-2019)  + (According to Patton, individuals are "capa … According to Patton, individuals are "capable of taking epistemic stances towards epistemic elements, with reason, based on a semantic understanding of the elements and their available alternatives, and with the goal of producing knowledge".p. 82ith the goal of producing knowledge".p. 82)
• Individual Epistemic Agent Exists  + (According to Patton, there is such a things as an individual epistemic agents, capable of taking [[Epistemic Stance|epistemic stances]] towards [[Epistemic Element|epistemic elements]].Patton (2019))
• Normative Theory Exists  + (According to Sebastien, "normative propositions are relevant to the process of scientific change", i.e. "they "can be part of the scientific mosaic".p. 2)
• Normative Theory Is a Subtype of Theory (Sebastien-2016)  + (According to Sebastien, norms, such as those of ethics, aesthetics, or methodology, are normative theories.Sebastien (2016))
• Epistemic Community Can be Part of Non-Epistemic Community (Overgaard-2017)  + (According to [[Nicholas Overgaard|Overgaard]] … According to [[Nicholas Overgaard|Overgaard]], communities that do not have a collective intentionality to know the world can still have sub-communities that do have such an intentionality. Overgaard illustrates this with the example of Google, a company that can be considered a [[Non-Epistemic Community|non-epistemic community]] as its collective intentionality is that to make profit. Yet, as an innovative company, Google has many sub-communities which do have a collective intentionality to know the world, such as "a research and development team trying to better know Internet technologies, or a marketing team trying to better know how to reach consumers".p. 59 By [[Epistemic Community (Overgaard-2017)|definition]], these sub-communities are [[Epistemic Community|epistemic]]. Thus, argues Overgaard, it is possible for an epistemic community to be the sub-community of a non-epistemic community.ub-community of a non-epistemic community.)
• Compatibility Is a Subtype of Epistemic Stance (Fraser-Sarwar-2018)  + (According to [[Patrick Fraser|Fraser]] … According to [[Patrick Fraser|Fraser]] and [[Ameer Sarwar|Sarwar]], "[[Compatibility (Fraser-Sarwar-2018)|compatibility]] is a distinct epistemic stance that agents can take towards elements".p.70 They show this by arguing that it is possible to take the stance of compatibility towards a pair of elements without taking any of the other stances towards these elements. Thus, compatibility is distinct from [[Theory Acceptance|acceptance]], since two elements need not be in the same mosaic, or even accepted by any agent to be considered, in principle, compatible. For example, an epistemic agent may consider Ptolemaic astrology compatible with Aristotelian natural philosophy without accepting either Ptolemaic astrology or Aristotelian natural philosophy. Compatibility is also different from [[Theory Use|use]], since a pair of theories can be considered compatible regardless of whether any of them is considered useful. For instance, one can consider q…l. For instance, one can consider q…)
• Descriptive Theory (Sebastien-2016)  + (According to [[Zoe Sebastien|Sebastien]] … According to [[Zoe Sebastien|Sebastien]]'s definition of the term, descriptive theories aim at ''describing'' a certain object under study, where ''describe'' is understood in the broad sense and includes ''explain'', ''predict'', etc. Thus, the term encompasses theories that attempt to describe a certain phenomenon, process, or state of affairs in the past, present, or future. All of the following propositions would qualify as ''descriptive'':ositions would qualify as ''descriptive'':)
• Necessary Method theorem (Barseghyan-2015)  + (According to the [[Non-Empty Mosaic theorem (Barseghyan-2015)|non-empty mosaic theorem]] … According to the [[Non-Empty Mosaic theorem (Barseghyan-2015)|non-empty mosaic theorem]], there must be at least one element present in a mosaic. The Necessary Method theorem specifies that this element must be a method. That is, "one method is a must for the whole enterprise of scientific change to take off the ground".p. 228ific change to take off the ground".p. 228)