Search by property

This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

• Deming (2016)  + (In 1979 astronomer Carl Sagan popularized … In 1979 astronomer Carl Sagan popularized the aphorism "extraordinary</br>claims require extraordinary evidence" (ECREE). But Sagan never defined the term</br>"extraordinary". Ambiguity in what constitutes "extraordinary" has led to misuse of the</br>aphorism. ECREE is commonly invoked to discredit research dealing with scientific</br>anomalies, and has even been rhetorically employed in attempts to raise doubts</br>concerning mainstream scientific hypotheses that have substantive empirical support.</br>The origin of ECREE lies in eighteenth-century Enlightenment criticisms of miracles.</br>The most important of these was Hume’s essay On Miracles. Hume precisely defined</br>an extraordinary claim as one that is directly contradicted by a massive amount of</br>existing evidence. For a claim to qualify as extraordinary there must exist overwhelming</br>empirical data of the exact antithesis. Extraordinary evidence is not a separate</br>category or type of evidence–it is an extraordinarily large number of observations.</br>Claims that are merely novel or those which violate human consensus are not properly</br>characterized as extraordinary. Science does not contemplate two types of evidence.</br>The misuse of ECREE to suppress innovation and maintain orthodoxy should be</br>avoided as it must inevitably retard the scientific goal of establishing reliable</br>knowledge.c goal of establishing reliable knowledge.)

• Deming (2016)  +